What Is Mortgage Underwriting?

July 15, 2022

Sound underwriting helps ensure that you qualify for a mortgage loan that you can afford to repay. We explain more about what underwriting is and the underwriting process so that you understand how your loan application will be evaluated.

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What Is Underwriting?

Underwriting is the process of verifying information about your employment, income, assets, debts and credit history to determine if you can afford to pay back the mortgage loan you are applying for. Underwriters also verify that the size of the mortgage you're applying for is reasonable compared to the value of the property you're buying or refinancing.

Sound underwriting gives lenders the confidence to make mortgage money available to people who want to buy or refinance a home.

The Underwriting Process

The underwriting process is basically divided into three parts.

  1. Gathering and Verifying Your Information

    Your lender, or your lender's loan officer, collects and verifies your personal information, from your employment history to your outstanding debts.

    You'll be asked to give your lender permission to independently verify your information and obtain copies of your credit history.

    Here's a short list of the information needed to begin underwriting your mortgage.

    • Employment: You'll be asked to document your current employment status and provide your job history, including the length and terms of employment.
    • Income and Assets: Income is used to calculate the size of the mortgage you can responsibly afford and the size of the down payment you'll need. Expect to provide proof of your primary income, such as copies of your W-2. You'll also be asked to document other income sources and assets the underwriter may be able to use to evaluate your mortgage eligibility. Assets can include anything from bank accounts, retirement funds, investments and rental property to your car.
    • Debts: A list of your current debts — such as credit cards, auto loans and student loans — is needed to calculate your debt-to-income ratio. Underwriters use this ratio to determine if your available income will enable you to continue paying your outstanding debts and a new mortgage payment.
    • Credit Report: Your credit report from an independent credit bureau (Experian, Equifax or TransUnion) includes a record of your previous credit transactions (credit history) plus a credit score based on proprietary formulas developed by the respective bureaus. This information is used to help predict the likelihood that you'll repay your mortgage.

     

  2. Verifying Property Information

    The appraised value of the property is another critical factor for determining how much you can borrow. Your lender will have the property you hope to buy professionally appraised to assess its physical condition, the condition of the surrounding site and neighborhood, and its value.

  3. Putting It Altogether

    Finally, the underwriter reviews all of your information, either manually or with the help of an automated underwriting system, such as Freddie Mac's Loan Product Advisor®, to determine:

    • Your financial capacity to repay the mortgage.
    • Whether the mortgage you're applying for, and the house you hope to buy or refinance, meets your lender's requirements.

To learn more about the mortgage process, including finding the right loan, the 4 C’s of qualifying for a mortgage, and what to do if you’re mortgage application is denied, visit My Home by Freddie Mac®.